DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DO UNTIL & DO WHILE

Do...Loop enables the script to continue to perform certain actions until a specific condition occurs. Do While...Loop enables your script to continue to perform these actions as long as the specified condition remains true. Once the specified condition is no longer true, Do While...Loop exits. In contrast, Do Until...Loop has the opposite effect the script continues to perform the action until a certain condition is met.

Here are common uses of Do Until:

• Read text from a file
• Read through records in a record set
• Create a looping condition for monitoring purposes

The do-while loop is similar to the while loop, except that the test condition occurs at the end of the loop.  Having the test condition at the end, guarantees that the body of the loop always executes at least one time.

The do-while loop is an exit-condition loop.  This means that the body of the loop is always executed first.  Then, the test condition is evaluated.  If the test condition is true, the program executes the body of the loop again.  If the test condition is false, the loop terminates and program execution continues with the statement following the while.

http://mathbits.com/mathbits/compsci/looping/dowhile.htm

http://vbscript.org.ua/0735622973/ch02lev1sec5.html 

PROGRAMMING SOFTWARE C++ SOFTWARE

A C++ program is a text file containing a sequence of C++ commands put together according to the laws of C++ grammar. This text file is known as the source file . A C++ source file carries the extension .CPP just as a Microsoft Word file ends in .DOC or an MS-DOS batch file ends in .BAT. The concept extension .CPP is just a convention, but it's used almost exclusively in the PC world.

The point of programming is to write a sequence of C++ commands that can be converted into a machine language program that does whatever it is that you want done. Such machine executable programs carry the extension .EXE. The act of creating an executable program from a C++ program is called compiling (or building — there is a difference, but it's small).

To write a program, you need two things: an editor to build your .CPP source file with and a program that converts your source file into a machine executable .EXE file to carry out your commands. The tool that does the conversion is known as a compiler.

Nowadays, tool developers generally combine the compiler with an editor into a single work-environment package. After entering your program, you need only click a button to create the executable file.

The most popular of all C++ environments is Microsoft's Visual C++, but the software is expensive. Fortunately, there are public domain C++ environments — the most popular of which is GNU C++. (Pronounce GNU like this: guh NEW). You can download public domain programs from the Internet. Some of these programs are not free — you are either encouraged to or required to pay some usually small fee. You do not have to pay to use GNU C++.

GNU stands for the circular definition "GNU is Not UNIX." This joke goes way back to the early days of C++ — just accept it as is. GNU is a series of tools built by the Free Software Foundation.

GNU C++ is not some bug-ridden, limited edition C++ compiler from some fly-by-night group of developers. GNU C++ is a full-fledged C++ environment. GNU C++ supports the entire C++ language and executes all C++ programs.

GNU C++ is not a Windows development package for the Windows environment. You'll have to break open the wallet and go for a commercial package like Visual C++.

http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/an-introduction-to-c.html

PROGRAM CODING

It is important to remember program coding is not the first step of programming. Too often we have a tendency to start coding too soon. As we just discussed, a great deal of planning and preparation must be done before sitting down to code the computer instructions to solve a problem. For the example amortization problem (fig. 3-6), we have analyzed the specifications in terms of (1) the output desired; (2) the operations and procedures required to produce the output; and (3) the input data needed. In conjunction with this analysis, we have developed a programming flowchart that outlines the procedures for taking the input data and processing it into usable output. You are now ready to code the instructions that will control the computer during processing. This requires that you know a programming language.

All programming languages, FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC and so on, are composed of instructions that enable the computer to process a particular application, or perform a particular function.

Instructions

The instruction is the fundamental element in program preparation. Like a sentence, an instruction consists of a subject and a predicate. However, the subject is usually not specifically mentioned; rather it is some implied part of the computer system directed to execute the command that is given. For example, the chief tells a sailor to "dump the trash." The sailor will interpret this instruction correctly even though the subject "you" is omitted. Similarly, if the computer is told to "ADD 1234," the control section may interpret this to mean that the arithmetic-logic section is to add the contents of address 1234 to the contents of the accumulator (a register in which the result of an operation is formed).

In addition to an implied subject, every computer instruction has an explicit predicate consisting of at least two parts. The first part is referred to as the command, or operation; it answers the question "what?" It tells the computer what operation it is to perform; i.e., read, print, input. Each machine has a limited number of built-in operations that it is capable of executing. An operation code is used to communicate the programmer's intent to the computer.

The second specific part of the predicate, known as the operand, names the object of the operation. In general, the operand answers the question "where?." Operands may indicate the following:

• The location where data to be processed is found.
• The location where the result of processing is to be stored.
• The location where the next instruction to be executed is found. (When this type of operand is not specified, the instructions are executed in sequence.)

The number of operands and the structure or format of the instructions vary from one computer to another. However, the operation always comes first in the instruction and is followed by the operand(s). The programmer must prepare instructions according to the format required by the language and the computer to be used. 

http://www.tpub.com/neets/book22/93d.htm

SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE PROCESS

This section describes the six software maintenance processes as:

1. The implementation processes contains software preparation and transition activities, such as the conception and creation of the maintenance plan, the preparation for handling problems identified during development, and the follow-up on product configuration management.
2. The problem and modification analysis process, which is executed once the application has become the responsibility of the maintenance group. The maintenance programmer must analyze each request, confirm it (by reproducing the situation) and check its validity, investigate it and propose a solution, document the request and the solution proposal, and, finally, obtain all the required authorizations to apply the modifications.
3. The process considering the implementation of the modification itself.
4. The process acceptance of the modification, by confirming the modified work with the individual who submitted the request in order to make sure the modification provided a solution.
5. The migration process (platform migration, for example) is exceptional, and is not part of daily maintenance tasks. If the software must be ported to another platform without any change in functionality, this process will be used and a maintenance project team is likely to be assigned to this task.
6. Finally, the last maintenance process, also an event which does not occur on a daily basis, is the retirement of a piece of software.

There are a number of processes, activities and practices that are unique to maintainers, for example:

• Transition: a controlled and coordinated sequence of activities during which a system is transferred progressively from the developer to the maintainer;
• Service Level Agreements (SLAs) and specialized (domain-specific) maintenance contracts negotiated by maintainers;
• Modification Request and Problem Report Help Desk: a problem-handling process used by maintainers to prioritize, documents and route the requests they receive;
• Modification Request acceptance/rejection: modification request work over a certain size/effort/complexity may be rejected by maintainers and rerouted to a developer.   
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Reasons to learn the R Programming Language

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Software Design

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FIVE STEPS OFf PROGRAMMING

1. Clarify Programming Needs

• Clarify objectives and users
• Clarify desired outputs
• Clarify desired inputs
• Clarify desired processing
• Double - check feasibility of implementing the program
• Document the analysis

2. Design the Program

• Determine program logic through top down approach and modularization, using a hierarchy chart
• Design details using procedure and/or flowcharts, preferably involving control structure. 

3. Code the Program

• Select the appropriate high-level programming language
• Code the program in that language following the syntax carefully 

4. Test the Program

• Alpha testing is the process of reading through the program in search of errors in logic. The second step is to run a diagnostic program to search for syntax or input errors.
• Beta testing involves using the program in the real world to see if it contains any bugs or other deficiency

5. Document and Maintain

• Write user documentation
• Write operator documentation
• Write programmer documentation
• Maintain the program 

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_five_steps_in_programming